Bulimia / Anorexia
Not so long ago, doctors and therapists blamedanorexia,bulimia, and othereating disorderson overly controlling parents. When they first gained attention in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the diseases were often seen as psychosomatic -- the willful behavior of often-spoiled, privileged teenagers.
Today, a growing body of research indicates that you can indeed get anorexia from your parents, but not in the way previously thought. Eating disordersappear to be as strongly genetically linked as many other major psychiatric disorders, like schizophrenia,depression, bipolar disorder, or obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Anorexia Genes
In 1996, a private European foundation called the Price Foundation began to fund research into the genetics of anorexia and bulimia. During the next several years, an international group of scientists collected an astounding amount of data: first, on some 600 families with two or more members who have anorexia or bulimia, and later, on another group of 700 families with three members who have anorexia or bulimia along with 700 "control" women for comparison studies.
Their early results found a couple of "likely suspects": areas on chromosomes 1 and 10 that appear to be significantly linked with anorexia and bulimia. Follow-up studies of candidate genes have identified several genes that may increase a person's vulnerability to these disorders.
The research proved so promising that in 2002, the National Institute of Mental Health awarded a us$10 million grant to this group of investigators. This is the first-ever U.S. government-funded genetic study of anorexia. It aims to find regions of the human genome that contain genes influencing risk for anorexia.
No one feels that we're going to find a single gene that will account for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia. We're convinced that instead there will be a number of genes that, to small effect, line up to create susceptibility.
Many people have theorized that the current obsessive cultural focus onweightand thinness, and on celebrities and their appearances, is likely to promote anorexia and bulimia. But that doesn't entirely explain the conundrum of eating disorders.
The overall prevalence of anorexia and bulimia, combined, is about 4%. But if they're largely caused by societal pressures, there should be alotmore of this.
- In How many newsstand magazines can you read about someone'sweight loss?
Why can many girls go on a diet and walk away not dramatically affected, while four out of 100 wind up with psychiatric illnesses?
= The answer probably lies in neurochemistry and genetics.
The genetic research seems to indicate that some people, mostly, though not all, female, may have a latent vulnerability to eating disorders, which might never be turned on if they weren't exposed to particular influences, just as a predisposition toalcoholismcan remain latent unless the person takes a drink.
Since in our culture today,dietingbehaviors are more intense, it's exposing that latent vulnerability more now than in previous generations.
Treating Anorexia as a Genetic Disorder
Ultimately, of course, the investigators hope that this research might suggest new possibilities for treatment.
The long-term goal is to identify those aspects ofbrain related function that influence development, behavior, and personality, and help us refine the search for potentially more effective pharmacotherapy.
But while new medicines may help, anorexia and bulimia will ever be treated solely with medication. More effective new medications will be important, but a combination of approaches is essential. The importance of psychotherapy should never be minimized.
Drug treatments based on the new research are probably a long way off. But in the meantime, study results may help improve current treatment approaches. It potentially gives us a frame of reference for psychological treatment, allowing us to better target the therapeutic approaches that may help.
Information about the inheritability of anorexia and bulimia will also be important in prevention. For example, it could help parents and doctors to intervene early with young people whose family history and psychological profile may put them at particularly high risk. Studies have shown people at highest risk for anorexia or bulimia tend to have five personality traits:
Obsessive
Perfectionist
Anxious
Novelty-seeking
Impulsive
Many experts also hope that the growing evidence for a genetic component to anorexia and bulimia will help make the case for better access to treatment of these disorders, and improved insurance coverage of such treatment.
Whereas we have been developing treatments for eating disorders that are more and more effective, the majority of people still struggle to access them. There aren't enough clinicians trained to do this, and not enough funding for a process of treatment that often takes a very long time.
We need to understand the genetic influence involved in eating disorders, and its impact on psychological functioning. Bridging that gap of understanding will reduce stigma, inform the public, target the focus of therapy, and bring eating disorders rightly under the rubric of medical/psychological conditions as opposed to social phenomena.
